Ever Wonder Where the Word Boycott Came From?

During the past week I ran across a post on Facebook that talked about the origin of the word "boycott" and I thought it would be interesting to share it here as it certainly is something that applies to our everyday life with a history of its own.  The word actually originated in Ireland in the 1880s after locals set about to shun Captain Charles Boycott for his eviction of Irish tenant farmers during the last main Irish famine which began in 1879.  In contrast to the Great Famines of 1740-1741 and 1845-1849, the result of this famine was for the most part hunger that was not life threatening and it was mainly concentrated in the west of Ireland.  While a series of food shortages and crop failures swept through Ireland during the 1870s and into the early 1890s, a larger scale crop shortage during 1879 led it to be called a famine and it is sometimes referred to as "An Gorta Beag" meaning mini-famine.

Woman Gathering a Meal
From The Graphic
January 24, 1880

Both the English and American press covered the famine and there exists many stories and sketches from that particular era.  To the left is the sketch of a woman gathering a meal in the field from an article entitled "The Distress in the West" from The Graphic on January 24, 1880.

The state of the tenant farmer was poor at best.  Most lived in small thatched houses which were really nothing more than hovels.  A description of which was printed in the article "The Distress in the West of Ireland" in Harper's Weekly on February 14, 1880:

Tenant Thatched "House"
From Harper's Weekly
February 14, 1880

"At present the miserable constructions on Irish farms area a source of amazement to a visitor who knows that he is among a people that pretend to live by agriculture.  In vain he looks for specimens of the quadrangle straw yard, with surrounding buildings, which distinguishes most English farms. Except on the few large holding, there are no straw yards at all, and no farm premises beyond the small thatched houses or hovels which are here honored with the designation of barns, cow-houses, and stables--usually joined on to the farmer's dwelling-house..."

According to Harper's Weekly "the vast majority of Irish farm land (97% in 1870) was owned by men who rented the land to tenant farmers, not by those who cultivated the land themselves.  Land ownership was also concentrated in the hands of a few; in 1870, only 750 families owned 50% of the land in Ireland."  The population of the time was 5,000,000.  With impending hunger and threat of another widespread famine, a social movement in the form of The Irish National Land League, also known as the Land League, was formed in 1879.  Harper's Weekly goes on to explain that "The Land League organized agitation throughout Ireland for an end to evictions and a radical change in the land system to allow tenants to become landowners.  To enforce uniform compliance with their goals, the Land League convinced people to shun those tenants, land agents, and landlords who failed to cooperate."  The first such use of this tactic was against the landlord and agent named Charles Boycott.

Captain Charles Boycott c 1880

Charles Boycott was both a landlord and an agent who collected rents for a landlord.  He himself having entered into a 31-year lease for 300 acres in the town of Ballinrobe was a landlord.  He also worked for the landlord, Lord Erne, in the management of 1000 acres.  Lord Erne's estates had 38 tenant farmers of which Boycott was responsible for.  Due to the 1879 Famine, Lorde Erne was allowing for a 10% reduction in collecting the rents.  The tenant farmers demanded a 25% reduction.  When the tenants were unable to pay their rents, mass evictions by Captain Boycott were ordered.  In response, the implementation of shunning Captain Boycott was put into place by the Land League.  Captain Boycott's shunning was so complete that even the person delivering mail refused after being threatened with bodily harm if mail was delivered to the Boycotts.

With the implementation of the shunning, Captain Boycott could not even harvest the crops in his field.  The British state attempted to harvest his crop by calling on all Orangeman to come and assist when local labourers refused to do the same.  In the end it took the protection of 2000 drafted into the area by the British state to bring in the harvest.  According to a post from The Irish History Podcast entitled "An Introduction to the Land War 1879-1882":   "While the league did not attempt to oppose such a large force, the entire operation cost the British state 10,000 pounds to harvest a crop worth a few hundred pounds.  This was a massive victory for the League as the state authorities could not carry out similar actions across the country--the boycott was born."

Boycott Family Harvesting Their Crops
From Harper's Weekly
December 18, 1880

Until we meet again, may God hold you in the palm of His hand.

--An Old Irish Blessing

Marian McCoy Boveri

Historic Homes Specialist

sources:  http://maggieblanck.com

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0228.html

http://irishhistorypodcast.ie/2011/05/20/an-introduction-to-the-land-war-1879-1882/

"A Home in a Prairie Town"

1036 S. Third St., St. Charles, IL, painting

The story begins...c 1910 in St. Charles, IL.  This home, located at 1036 S. Third Street, was built in the Prairie style evidenced by the low-pitched roof and large overhanging eaves.  In fact, the eaves measure 40" wide according to the most recent owner of the home who purchased it in 1956.  Underneath the aluminum sheathing of the eaves can be found the original tongue and groove oak panels. Other elements of the Prairie style are seen in the square masonry that support the porch roof; the window placements and double hung original windows of which some still remain; the one-story wing; and the facade detailing of  banding which emphasizes horizontal lines.

1036 S. Third St., St. Charles, IL, picture from MLS 7/2/13

The Prairie style is one of America's few indigenous architectural styles.  Developed in sympathy with the Arts and Crafts Movement out of England, the Prairie style was a deliberate attempt to develop an American architectural style.  Interestingly, the Prairie style originated in Chicago and was mostly built between 1905 and 1915 and quickly went out of fashion after World War I.  It was actually very short-lived in popularity as far as architectural styles go.  Many of its landmark examples exist in the surrounding Chicago suburbs, in particular Oak Park and River Forest.  Locally there is a Frank Lloyd Wright Prairie style c 1906 home in Batavia at 637 North Batavia Avenue which can be seen in the picture below.

Frank Lloyd Wright designed Prairie Style home
637 North Batavia Avenue, Batavia
c 1906--National Landmark Home

The Prairie style earned its name after Frank Lloyd Wright's home design for the 1901 Ladies Home Journal magazine was dubbed:  "A Home in a Prairie Town".  The development of the style was ushered in by a feeling that Victorian homes were boxed in and confining and that the new industrial age with its assembly lines and mass production had lost touch with fine quality craftsmanship as well as resulting in dehumanizing workers.  Frank Lloyd Wright, along with a group of architects who called themselves "The Chicago Group" (now commonly known as the Prairie School) designed this style in relation to the prairie landscape. Low horizontal lines mimicking the prairie were evident in the low-pitched roofs and large overhanging eaves. Built-ins and custom furniture were also part of the style.  Everything about the Prairie style exuded practicality in direct opposition to the ornate Victorian home.  

The good building is not one that hurts the landscape, 

but one that makes the landscape more beautiful than before.  

--Frank Lloyd Wright.

Please stay tuned as I will be updating this blog post with more particular information about the Third Street home as it relates to the history of St. Charles.  One thing that I do know off-hand is that the builder and original owner of the home worked at the St. Charles Cable Piano Factory.  The Cable Piano Company building in St. Charles was built in 1901 and at the height of its productivity employed as many as 500 employees.

Cable Piano Company
St. Charles, IL
Photo from St. Charles Library

Until we meet again, may God hold you in the palm of His hand.

(An Old Irish blessing)

Marian McCoy Boveri

Historic Homes Specialist

Keller Williams Fox Valley Realty

 

Sources:  McAlester--A Field Guide to American Houses

Architecture.about.com; Wikipedia; WrightOnTheWeb.com; MRED MLS

Blog Feature

How exciting to have my blog featured in the The Beacon-News by Joy Davis.  Please know that I will be blogging weekly and posting on Mondays.  So stop back and visit to take a stroll back into history!

Until we meet again, may God hold you in the palm of His hand.

(An Old Irish Blessing)

Marian McCoy Boveri

National Style Front Gable House with Greek Revival Influence

248 N. May St.
Hinckley, IL

The story begins...c 1890 in Hinckley, Illinois.  This property was relocated sometime in the early 1950s from its original location on Route 30, also known as Lincoln Highway. This house is a Gable-Front Folk House built in the National style according to "A Field Guide of American Houses" by Virginia and Lee McAlester.  The simplicity of the architectural features and its front-gabled placement of entry shows some Greek Revival influence.  In essence one of the remaining Greek Revival architectural influences left as the Greek Revival style home fell out of fashion in the late 1860s was the front-gable house.  This type of house was well-suited for urban lots and impacted domesticity in a way that allowed a more private portion of the home to exist.  In the past homes were built with a side gable and center entry and public and private rooms merged together.  With the Greek Revival's front-gable entry rooms in the house could be closed off for privacy.

The tip-off to the Greek Revival influence is the cornice line of the main roof as being emphasized with a wide band of trim (the trim just below the roof line).  This type of architectural feature is really more indicative of an earlier house fashion and would commonly be found on a Greek Revival home (c 1825-1860).  The National style of house was built c 1850-1890--so this home is built at the end of the National style era with Greek Revival influence.  The windows also have a simple decorative lintel with classical features once again similar to a Greek Revival home.

Wide band of trim along the cornice line

What many people may not know about Hinckley is that it was the site of the first road game for the Harlem Globetrotters on January 7, 1927, in front of a crowd of 300 which was just about half of the population of the whole town.  (1920 census population was 663.)  One of the town residents had gone to college with the owner, Abe Saperstein, of the Harlem Globetrotters and he invited them to play in Hinckley.  Despite the name "Harlem", the team was from Chicago and arrived in Hinckley in a Model "T" Ford.  While speaking with one of the volunteers, Jerry Bahl, at the Hinckley Historical Society, I was informed that at the time the Globetrotters came to Hinckley, the players were not allowed to stay in the town's hotel which was located at May and Route 30.  It was related that a kind doctor in town took the players in and allowed them to stay in the second floor of his building.  Imagine that the now world-famous Harlem Globetrotters were once turned away from lodging!

This image from the Hinckley Historical Society is the north side of Lincoln Avenue from May Street.  The caption reads:  "This is the hotel where the Globe Trotters were refused lodging-photo taken in about 1912.  In 1928 Highway U.S. 30 was constructed through the town and the streets were paved with concrete at that time.  The three buildings to the right of the hotel are still standing.  The hotel is not."  The hotel is the building in the forefront of the left side of the picture.

Hinckley remains a small rural town with a population of 2,070.  There is an active downtown and a local grocery store.  The Hinckley Historical Society has done a wonderful job in preserving their small town's history and their museum is well worth a visit.  They are located at 145 East Lincoln Highway, Hinckley, IL, and is open on Saturdays from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.

The property at 248 N. May St. had later additions put onto it and currently has 3193 square feet of living space!  The property has been converted into a 2-flat and is currently a foreclosure and listed at $119,900.  For more information about this property please contact Marian Boveri at 847-308-2424.

Until we meet again...may God hold you in the palm of His hand.

(An Old Irish Blessing)

Marian McCoy Boveri

Historic Homes Specialist

Keller Williams Fox Valley Realty

St. Charles, IL

847-308-2424

  

Please Allow Your Bread to Ripen!

It is interesting to note that in the cookbook The American Economical Housekeeper and Family Receipt Book ("receipt" meaning "recipe") by Mrs. E.A. Howland, written in 1845 and having remained in publication for the next 45 years, the difficulty of digesting bread made of wheat flour is addressed on the very first page.  With all the issues surrounding modern-day gluten sensitivity, it is fascinating to discover directions on making wheat bread more easily digestible.  One must wonder if within there is some application that could relate to easing our modern-day consumption and digestion. Of course modern-day U.S. grown wheat has been modified to include a higher level of gluten--which certainly may attribute to  the  increase in gluten sensitivity.  In addition, our wheat is more finally milled than the wheat in the 1800s and therefore the remnants of the grain within the wheat flour itself would more than likely account for the need of the bread to ripen or cure, as we might think of it in modern-day terms.  Section I entitled "Ripe Bread" discusses the importance of allowing the bread to change, or ripen, before being eaten as wheat bread taken out of the oven is "unprepared for the stomach".  

"...Young persons, or persons in the enjoyment of vigorous health, may eat bread immediately after being baked, without any sensible injury from it; but weakly and aged persons cannot, and none can eat such, without doing harm to the digestive organs." 

Now, on one hand it might make sense to let the bread ripen had it been made of sourdough as most breads in the early 1800s were.  However, this cookbook is from 1845 and the recipes that follow call for yeast or saleratus (baking soda) rather than a sourdough starter so I revert back to the larger amount of grain left within the flour itself as reason for need to ripen.  Reference is made to bread going through a change similar to that of "newly-brewed beer, or newly-churned buttermilk, neither being healthy until after the change."  The Economical Housekeeper explains:

"During the change in bread, it sends off a large portion of carbon, or unhealthy gas,and imbibes a large portion of oxygen, or healthy gas.  Bread has, according to the computation of physicians, one fifth more nutriment in it when ripe, than it has when just out of the oven."

The next line is absolutely brilliant:

"It not only has more nutriment, but imparts a much greater degree of cheerfulness."

Essentially then to eat unripened bread referenced one to then be left with a "less brighter spirit".  Now, it goes on to discuss the importance of all housewives to connect in this thought that as the bread discharges carbon it "imbibes" oxygen therefore it is essential for the "bread to ripen where it can inhale the oxygen in a pure state".  In this day and age we don't oftentimes think about smells and how they can "contaminate" food when they are left out in the open.  However, we can relate to the experience of a strong smell in the refrigerator essentially permeating the food and causing it to taste as of the smell.  In 1845 there would have been far more odors emanating from the home and it was recommended that the housewife take note of this and to make sure the air is pure where the bread is left to ripen.

"Bread will always taste of the air that surrounds it while ripening--hence it should ripen where the air is pure.  It should never ripen in a cellar, nor a close cupboard, nor in a bedroom.  The noxious vapors of a cellar, or a cupboard, never should enter into and form a part of the bread we eat." 

The Economical Housekeeper goes on to explain how to "renew" bread that is several days old "so as to have all the freshness and lightness of new bread"

"...by simply putting it into a common steamer over a fire, and steaming it half or three quarters of an hour.  The vessel under the steamer, containing the water, should not be more than half full; otherwise the water may boil up into the steamer, and wet the bread.  After the bread is thus steamed, it should be taken out of the steamer, and wrapped loosely in a cloth, to dry and cool, and remain so a short time, when it will be ready to cut and use.  It will then be like cold, new bread."

I find it interesting that she referred to the bread as "cold".  I believe that was her directive to say that you should allow the bread to fully cook in order to enjoy the quality of a like-new bread.  There are many things in the cookbook that are presumptive in that it is believed by the author that the reader has a basic knowledge of cooking.  Even with a modern-day basic knowledge of cooking--these recipes would be difficult to follow as the terms and means of cooking are so much different than they are today.  A simple look at the picture below from the inside page of the book depicting a "modern" kitchen is all that is needed to see that the means of cooking have much changed in the past 168 years.  Note that two women are needed to get the task done!  Cooking was a time-consuming and essential part of everyday life in the 1800s.

"Don't forget to ripen your bread." would most definitely be met with some confusion (and perhaps an odd look) in this modern-day era as this certainly is not a term currently used to refer to bread and its proper preparation.  Nevertheless, I find old cookbooks fascinating as they do present a small window into the past and the times wherein they were written.

"Until we meet again, may God hold you in the palm of His hand."

(An old Irish blessing)

Marian Boveri, Real Estate Consultant

Specializing in Historic Homes

Keller Williams Fox Valley Realty

847-308-2424

www.ThisLooksLikeHome.com

 

There's a Staircase in My Window!

William Howard Taft National Historic Site
Cincinnati, Ohio

While travelling in Ohio recently, my husband and I visited the William Howard Taft National Historic Site located in Cincinnati.  One of the reasons we thought it would be fun to visit is because my husband and I met at William Howard Taft High School in Chicago, IL.  I remember thinking "who is this man that our school is named after?" when I first attended.  I don't think anyone quite ever gave me that answer so when we saw that his boyhood home was nearby we just had to visit.  What a pleasant surprise to find a Greek Revival home as this is the same architectural style of the National and Local Historic Landmark Dunham-Hunt House--which the City of St. Charles had recently contracted with me to market and sell--in St. Charles, IL.  Having done an extensive house historiography as part of my marketing for the Dunham-Hunt House, I have grown to be very intrigued with the Greek Revival style home. Its styling represents the sentiment of connecting with democracy and even more interestingly, its architectural components of room placement actually reflect what was going on in family dynamics and the public vs. private life of families during the mid-1800s into the early 1900s.  (I'll save that for another time.)  Even more exciting was to discover a little architectural quirk that is definitely attached to Greek Revival architecture that reopens the discussion surrounding the Dunham-Hunt house and some mysterious "windows" on the side of the house that have shutters with bricks behind them.





Historic Dunham-Hunt House with shuttered "windows"
St. Charles, IL

Essential to Greek Revival architecture is symmetry.  Symmetry is so important to a Greek Revival style home that the placement of windows oftentimes remained identical on all points of the structure even if it was not architecturally or functionally suited to the interior lay-out of the home.  So exterior symmetry at all costs!

At the Dunham-Hunt House in St. Charles, IL,  discussion surrounded the shuttered and bricked "window" placement on the exterior of the property. The question of whether or not real windows were ever in place or whether the home was built with false windows to stay true to the symmetry was thought to have been answered by the fact that the interior stairs run along this same wall with the "bricked in" windows. The discussion centered around the "fact" that no one would ever put a window with a stair case running through it. Therefore this was proof that the windows were never real but only replicated on the outside in order to maintain architectural integrity of the Greek Revival architecture. Perhaps that reasoning would have sufficed except for the recent visit to the historic birthplace and boyhood home of President William Howard Taft in Cincinnati, Ohio.



Historic William Howard Taft Home side view showing addition
Cincinnati, OH

As can be seen by the side view of both these Greek Revival style homes, window placement is done symmetrically even in additions that were added at a later date.  In the pictures below of the interior of the William Howard Taft home, the stairs referenced are the ones placed in the addition along the side of the house shown here. Symmetry on the exterior of the home prevailed over architecturally and functionally correct lay-out of the interior of the home.

Historic William Howard Taft Home
Interior Stairs of Greek Revival Addition

Evidence that even staircases would not interfere with "proper" exterior placement of windows in Greek Revival architecture was found in the Historic Home of President William Howard Taft in Cincinnati, Ohio.  Above you can see how close the edge of the window comes to the bottom step--but look up the staircase and you'll see the corner of a window peeking out of the stairway!  Below, you can see that the staircase clearly cuts through the window.  No doubt about it--exterior aesthetic superseded functionality in staying true to the elements of symmetry in Greek Revival architecture.

Historic William Howard Taft House
Exterior Window Placement Overrides Aesthetic and Function 

I also thought it was interesting to see that the stairs in the original portion of the home of the William Howard Taft home below hold a similarity to the ones in the Dunham-Hunt House.  This reflects common interior elements of Greek Revival styling.  These stairs however sit on an interior wall so no windows to block in their making.  Note the newel post in both homes flairs out towards the bottom.  Flaring of the newel post is styling indicative of homes built before 1860.  

William Howard Taft National Historic Site
Cincinnati, OH--Interior Stairs Original Portion of House

The picture below is the staircase in the Dunham-Hunt House that runs along an exterior wall.  The wall along the staircase could have originally had windows in it with the staircase running through a portion of them as the exterior has bricked in windows with shutters. 

National and Local Historic Landmark Dunham-Hunt House
St. Charles, IL--Interior Stairs Original Portion of House

Of course, to discover if the exterior windows are "fake" or real would be easily answered by taking a look behind the wallpaper on the wall that runs along these very stairs. Perhaps during the renovation by the new owner the mystery will be solved.  

I guess all we can do is wait and see...

Special thanks to the National Park Service ranger who kindly 
let me in to take pictures of the interior of the home.  

Marian Boveri, Real Estate Consultant
Specializing in Historic Homes
www.ThisLooksLikeHome.com

Until we meet again, may God hold you in the palm of His hand.
(An Old Irish blessing)

Historic Getaway

Being the time of year when we think of romantic things to do, I thought I would share with you one of my favorite spots to go for a weekend getaway with my husband--The Washington House Inn in Cedarburg, Wisconsin.  Of course, one of the things that attracts me to the place is its history and the feeling of taking a journey back to a simpler time. 

Washington House Inn
Cedarburg, WI

One of the things that draws me to historic homes and buildings is the connection with the past that is evoked when in their presence.  It is almost as if the stories of those that went before us can be heard.  To me, it's like taking a journey into the past. I often find myself imagining what the daily lives of those that lived and worked in these places were like.  I guess that is one of the many reasons I enjoy staying at the Washington House Inn located in the Washington Avenue Historic District and listed on the National Register for Historic Places.  Walking the streets of this lovely town is like stepping back in time.  When you enter the Washington House Inn, there is for a moment a feeling that you have been transported back into the late 1800s.  This delightful inn was built in 1886--though its origins go back as far as 1846.  It is a peaceful place with beautiful, tranquil, and clean rooms decorated in Victorian or country themes.

Country Room
Washington House Inn

The present inn was built in the Victorian style and replaced an earlier frame structure.  It operated as a hotel until the 1920s and was converted into apartments and shops thereafter.  In 1983 the hotel was brought back to its original purpose and became a bed and breakfast.  The public rooms of the hotel are decorated in Victorian style.      

I personally like the country rooms, some of which are in the second floor of the Greek Revival building next door, with their walls exposed to reveal the old stone and mortar.  True to the Greek Revival architectural style, these rooms exemplify the simplicity of decorating and one is brought back to a simpler time.  Oh, and that's not to mention the comfortable beds--truly a modern amenity--and luxurious linens that make for a most tranquil of night's sleep.

Dining Room
Washington House Inn

The dining room is a peaceful and charming place to sit and relax.  There is a wine and cheese social hour in the evenings from 5:00-6:00 p.m. for guests staying at the hotel.  It is a lovely time to sit and chat and guests do often visit with one another.  Breakfast is served for guests from 7:00-10:00 a.m. with delicious home-made goodies, granola cereal (my favorite), various breads for toasting, and a delightful selection of juices as well as tea and coffee.  I must say that the dining room is one of my all-time favorite spots to just sit and relax. 

The staff is always friendly and most accommodating.  Recipes from breakfast are shared with guests so they can experience a little of the Washington House Inn even after they return home.  The innkeeper, Wendy Porterfield, makes sure that any special needs one may have is met on each returning visit.  It is these little touches that keep me coming back year after year.  If you're interested in staying at the inn you can find more information here www.washingtonhouseinn.com/  Enjoy your visit!

Cedar Creek Settlement
Cedarburg, WI

While staying in Cedarburg there are many historic sites to take in.  There are 216 buildings in Cedarburg  that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  Of course the Cedar Creek Settlement, the location of the former Cedarburg Woolen Mill, is a wonderful place to visit.  There you'll find the Cedar Creek Winery with a wine tasting room and tour. You can also sit and look out at the river and dam while you enjoy lunch at the Creme and Crepe Cafe.   

While strolling down the street or along the river don't forget to take in all the beautiful architectural buildings and homes.  Many of the buildings in the historic district that were built between the 1840s and early 1900s were built in the vernacular style utilizing locally mined limestone and fieldstone. You will also find Greek Revival, Italianate, and Victorian architecture.  Shops, coffee houses, restaurants and businesses line the street.  I always stop at "From the Heart" to see her whimsical seasonal items.  Cedarburg is truly a historic treasure just a half-hour's drive from Milwaukee, WI.

This Looks Like Home!    

For more information about historic homes in the Fox River Valley contact:

Marian McCoy Boveri, Real Estate Consultant
Specializing in Historic Homes

Keller Williams Fox Valley Realty, 847-308-2424

www.thislookslikehome.com

Until we meet again, may God hold you in the palm of His hand.

(An old Irish blessing.)